91视频www_国产尤物在线_中文字幕精品国产_ww7788色淫网站女女免费_九九九九九国产_国产日韩大片_亚洲天堂日韩av_91秒拍福利视频_又粗又黑又大的吊av_超碰在线观看免费版_国产一起草_97久久国产成人免费网站_亚洲bbw性色大片_欧美久草在线_99精品一区二区_一级特黄色大片_真人二十三式性视频(动)_成人激情片_色姑娘天天干_亚洲欧美综合

歡迎進(jìn)入北京鑫視科科技有限公司網(wǎng)站!

24小時(shí)熱線(xiàn)電話(huà):4008058599
技術(shù)文章

articles

當(dāng)前位置:首頁(yè)  /  技術(shù)文章  /  雙光路 LED 光化學(xué)反應(yīng)儀的多波長(zhǎng)同步 / 獨(dú)立控制技術(shù)及應(yīng)用優(yōu)勢(shì)

雙光路 LED 光化學(xué)反應(yīng)儀的多波長(zhǎng)同步 / 獨(dú)立控制技術(shù)及應(yīng)用優(yōu)勢(shì)

更新時(shí)間:2025-09-06點(diǎn)擊次數(shù):49

    在現(xiàn)代科學(xué)研究與工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中,光化學(xué)反應(yīng)儀扮演著至關(guān)重要的角色,而雙光路 LED 光化學(xué)反應(yīng)儀憑借其多波長(zhǎng)同步 / 獨(dú)立控制技術(shù),更是成為了眾多領(lǐng)域的研究利器。

一、多波長(zhǎng)同步 / 獨(dú)立控制技術(shù)

      雙光路 LED 光化學(xué)反應(yīng)儀的核心在于其先進(jìn)的多波長(zhǎng)同步與獨(dú)立控制技術(shù)。該技術(shù)以高精度的電子控制系統(tǒng)為支撐,能夠?qū)蓚€(gè)光路中的 LED 光源進(jìn)行精準(zhǔn)操控。

      在多波長(zhǎng)同步控制方面,系統(tǒng)可將不同波長(zhǎng)的光按照設(shè)定的比例和時(shí)序同時(shí)輸出到兩個(gè)光路中。這意味著在反應(yīng)過(guò)程中,樣品能夠同時(shí)接受多種特定波長(zhǎng)的光照射,模擬復(fù)雜的自然光照環(huán)境或特定的反應(yīng)條件。其實(shí)現(xiàn)原理是通過(guò)精密的脈沖寬度調(diào)制(PWM)技術(shù),對(duì)各波長(zhǎng) LED 的發(fā)光強(qiáng)度和頻率進(jìn)行精確調(diào)節(jié),確保不同波長(zhǎng)的光在時(shí)間和強(qiáng)度上達(dá)到同步。值得一提的是,該同步控制的時(shí)間精度可達(dá)到微秒級(jí)別,能滿(mǎn)足一些對(duì)反應(yīng)時(shí)間要求高的精密實(shí)驗(yàn)。

      而獨(dú)立控制技術(shù)則賦予了兩個(gè)光路更大的靈活性。每個(gè)光路都可以單獨(dú)設(shè)定所需的波長(zhǎng)、光強(qiáng)、照射時(shí)間等參數(shù),彼此之間不受干擾。這得益于儀器內(nèi)部獨(dú)立的驅(qū)動(dòng)模塊和控制電路,每個(gè)模塊都有專(zhuān)屬的微處理器進(jìn)行運(yùn)算和控制,使得兩個(gè)光路能夠像單光路儀器一樣工作,可分別對(duì)不同的樣品進(jìn)行不同條件的光化學(xué)反應(yīng)實(shí)驗(yàn)。同時(shí),獨(dú)立控制還支持波長(zhǎng)的快速切換,切換響應(yīng)時(shí)間短,能實(shí)現(xiàn)同一光路在不同時(shí)間段采用不同波長(zhǎng)進(jìn)行照射的復(fù)雜實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)。

二、應(yīng)用優(yōu)勢(shì)

      這一先進(jìn)技術(shù)在多個(gè)領(lǐng)域都展現(xiàn)出了顯著的應(yīng)用優(yōu)勢(shì)。

      在光催化研究領(lǐng)域,多波長(zhǎng)同步控制可模擬太陽(yáng)光的復(fù)雜光譜,更真實(shí)地研究光催化劑在自然條件下的催化性能,有助于開(kāi)發(fā)高效的光催化材料。例如,在研究水體中有機(jī)污染物的光催化降解時(shí),同步輸出紫外光和可見(jiàn)光,能更貼近實(shí)際環(huán)境中太陽(yáng)光的組成,得到更具參考價(jià)值的實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)。而獨(dú)立控制技術(shù)則能方便地對(duì)比不同波長(zhǎng)光對(duì)同一催化劑的作用效果,快速篩選出最佳的催化波長(zhǎng),大大縮短了催化劑優(yōu)化的周期。

      在生物醫(yī)學(xué)研究中,多波長(zhǎng)同步照射可用于激活特定的生物分子或進(jìn)行光動(dòng)力治療研究,精確控制多種波長(zhǎng)光的協(xié)同作用,提高治療效果和研究準(zhǔn)確性。比如在光動(dòng)力療法中,特定波長(zhǎng)的光可激活光敏劑產(chǎn)生單線(xiàn)態(tài)氧殺死癌細(xì)胞,而同步使用另一波長(zhǎng)的光可能調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞的生理狀態(tài),增強(qiáng)治療效果。獨(dú)立控制則可分別對(duì)不同的生物樣本施加不同波長(zhǎng)的光,研究不同波長(zhǎng)對(duì)細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)、凋亡等生理過(guò)程的影響,為揭示生物體內(nèi)的光調(diào)控機(jī)制提供了有力工具。

      在材料合成方面,利用多波長(zhǎng)同步 / 獨(dú)立控制技術(shù),能夠精確調(diào)控光化學(xué)反應(yīng)的進(jìn)程,合成出具有特定結(jié)構(gòu)和性能的材料。例如,在量子點(diǎn)的合成中,通過(guò)控制不同波長(zhǎng)光的照射時(shí)間和強(qiáng)度,可以精確調(diào)節(jié)量子點(diǎn)的尺寸和發(fā)光性能,制備出熒光效率更高、穩(wěn)定性更好的量子點(diǎn)材料。在高分子材料合成中,不同波長(zhǎng)的光可引發(fā)不同的聚合反應(yīng),獨(dú)立控制各光路的參數(shù)能實(shí)現(xiàn)多種單體的可控共聚,得到性能優(yōu)異的新型高分子材料。

      此外,雙光路設(shè)計(jì)還大大提高了實(shí)驗(yàn)效率。研究者可以在同一臺(tái)儀器上同時(shí)進(jìn)行兩組不同的實(shí)驗(yàn),或者進(jìn)行對(duì)照組和實(shí)驗(yàn)組的對(duì)比實(shí)驗(yàn),減少了實(shí)驗(yàn)誤差,縮短了實(shí)驗(yàn)周期。而且,該技術(shù)還降低了實(shí)驗(yàn)成本,一臺(tái)雙光路儀器可發(fā)揮出接近兩臺(tái)單光路儀器的功能,減少了設(shè)備購(gòu)置和維護(hù)的費(fèi)用。

      在環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)領(lǐng)域,該技術(shù)也能發(fā)揮重要作用。例如,在檢測(cè)空氣中的有害氣體時(shí),利用多波長(zhǎng)同步照射可提高氣體檢測(cè)的靈敏度和特異性,不同氣體對(duì)不同波長(zhǎng)的光有特定的吸收或反應(yīng),同步檢測(cè)能更準(zhǔn)確地識(shí)別和定量分析多種有害氣體。獨(dú)立控制則可針對(duì)不同的檢測(cè)場(chǎng)景快速調(diào)整光路參數(shù),適應(yīng)不同的檢測(cè)需求。

、總結(jié)

      雙光路 LED 光化學(xué)反應(yīng)儀的多波長(zhǎng)同步 / 獨(dú)立控制技術(shù)為科研工作者提供了更靈活、更精確、更高效的實(shí)驗(yàn)手段,在光催化、生物醫(yī)學(xué)、材料合成、環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)等眾多領(lǐng)域具有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景,隨著技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,其應(yīng)用范圍還將進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大。

產(chǎn)品展示

      SSC-PCRT120-2位雙光路LED光化學(xué)反應(yīng)儀,采用大功率LED雙面光路照射,采用PLC全面控制,實(shí)現(xiàn)各種操作需求,大幅提升催化劑的篩選實(shí)驗(yàn)的效率,可以同時(shí)2位樣品實(shí)驗(yàn),實(shí)現(xiàn)了樣品在不同波長(zhǎng)不同條件下的分析。SSC-PCRT120-2位雙光路LED光化學(xué)反應(yīng)儀主要用于研究氣相或液相介質(zhì),固相或流動(dòng)體系等條件下的光化學(xué)反應(yīng);廣泛應(yīng)用光化學(xué)催化、化學(xué)合成、光催化降解、催化產(chǎn)氫、CO2光催化還原、光催化固氮、環(huán)境保護(hù)以及生命科學(xué)等研究領(lǐng)域。

產(chǎn)品優(yōu)勢(shì):

1)采用雙側(cè)面照射,增加光照面積,是底或頂照光照面積的20倍;

2)2位均可獨(dú)立數(shù)控,攪拌、光強(qiáng)、多波長(zhǎng)、通氣、抽真空;

3)可任意匹配波長(zhǎng);可選波長(zhǎng)365nm,395nm,405nm,420nm,455nm,470nm,500nm,520nm,590nm,620nm,660nm,740nm,810nm,850nm,940nm,白光LED;

4)實(shí)現(xiàn)2位反應(yīng)儀的同時(shí)攪拌,分別控制,更好的混合反應(yīng)物;

5)采用模塊化設(shè)計(jì),可以根據(jù)需要波段,僅更換光照模塊即可實(shí)現(xiàn)多波段照射;

6)LED光源采用風(fēng)冷,無(wú)需濾光片,光照均勻;

7)LED光源采用一體化設(shè)計(jì),匹配內(nèi)置控溫反應(yīng)管,使用便捷;

8)光源系統(tǒng)采用PLC全面控制,實(shí)現(xiàn)各種操作需求。


咨詢(xún)服務(wù)熱線(xiàn)

4008058599

關(guān)注公眾號(hào)
Copyright © 2025 北京鑫視科科技有限公司版權(quán)所有   備案號(hào):京ICP備2024088316號(hào)-1
技術(shù)支持:化工儀器網(wǎng)   管理登陸   sitemap.xml

TEL:15810898586

主站蜘蛛池模板: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |